Chapter 2: Health conditions and trends

CHAPTER CONTENT

POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS
Consequences ofthe Demographic Transition
Differences and Inequities in Fertility and Mortality
International and Internal Migration
Conclusions

MORTALITY: EXTENT,DISTRIBUTION, AND TRENDS
Overview
Analysis by Subregion
North America
Mexico
Central America
Latin Caribbean
Non-Latin Caribbean
Andean Area
Brazil
Southern Cone

MORBIDITY
Vaccine-preventable Diseases
Holding on to Achievements
The Unfinished Immunization Agenda
New Challenges in Immunization
Vector-borne Diseases
Malaria
Dengue
Chagas’Disease
Zoonoses
Rabies
Plague
Visceral Leishmaniasis
Echinococcosis/Hydatidosis
Brucellosis
Bovine tuberculosis
HIV/AIDS and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections
Epidemiologic Overview for HIV/AIDS and STIs
Socioeconomic Determinants and Compounding Factors in HIV Transmission
The Health Sector’s Response: Key Achievements
Completing the Unfinished Agenda: 2006 and Beyond
Chronic Communicable Diseases
Tuberculosis
Leprosy
Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases
Cardiovascular Diseases
Malignant Neoplasms
Diabetes
Chronic Respiratory Diseases
Hypertensive Diseases
Risk Factors for Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases
The Health System’s Response

PROMOTING HEALTH
Mental Health
The Burden and Magnitude of Mental Health Disorders
Disasters and Mental Health
The Response Prospects for Change
Oral Health
Dental Caries
Fluoridation in the Americas
Dental Fluorosis
Practice of Atraumatic Restoration
Periodontal Disease and Its Association with Systemic Disease
Ocular Health
Blindness and Loss of Vision
Cost of Blindness
Successes in Disease
Control Partnerships
The Future
Sexual and Reproductive Health
Status of Sexual and Reproductive Health in the Region’s Countries
Women’s Health and Maternal Health
Perinatal Health
Sexual and Reproductive Health of Adolescents

PREVENTING RISKS
Food and Nutrition for a Healthier Life
Growth Patterns ofInfants and Young Children
Breast-feeding HIV and Infant Feeding
Micronutrients
Tackling the Epidemic ofNutrition-related Chronic Diseases in the Americas
Coping with Disasters
At-risk Populations: Damages and Death Rates
Impact of Natural Disasters
Impact of Manmade Disasters
Impact of Disasters on the Health Care System
Overall Risk Patterns
Conclusions

HEALTH OF SPECIAL GROUPS
Indigenous Peoples
Afro-descendant Populations
Family and Community Health
Children
Infant Mortality and Mortality in Children under 5 Years
Old Poverty and Inequity
Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses
Child Development within the Framework ofthe Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
Health and Development of Adolescents and Youths
Demographic Factors
Education
Employment
Family Structure and Dynamics
Mortality and Morbidity
Sexual and Reproductive Health
Violence
Substance Abuse
Older Adults
A Decrease in Premature Deaths before Age 85
Increasing Health and Functionality in Years Gained
Regional Strategy for the Implementation ofthe Madrid International Action Plan
Regional Commitment to Promote Health and Welfare among the Elderly
Technical Cooperation Strategies
Persons with Disabilities

NEW PUBLIC HEALTH CHALLENGES
Neglected Diseases in Latin America and the Caribbean
The Problem
Neglected Diseases in Neglected Populations
Disease Burden
Leishmaniasis
Lymphatic Filariasis
Onchocerciasis
Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases
Influenza Pandemic Preparedness in the Americas
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
Cholera